For decimal-to-Roman conversion, the tool repeatedly subtracts the largest possible Roman value (M=1000, CM=900, D=500, etc.) and appends the corresponding symbol until the remainder is zero. For Roman-to-decimal, it reads left to right — if a smaller value precedes a larger one (like I before V), it subtracts; otherwise it adds. The valid range is 1 to 3999.
Standard Roman numerals can only represent numbers up to 3999 (MMMCMXCIX). Numbers 4000 and above require the vinculum — an overline that multiplies a numeral by 1000 — which isn't part of the basic system.
When a smaller-value symbol appears before a larger one, you subtract it. For example, IV = 5 − 1 = 4, and CM = 1000 − 100 = 900. Only I, X, and C are used subtractively, and only with the next two larger symbols.
Ancient Romans used several variant forms (like IIII instead of IV). The subtractive notation we use today became standard during the Middle Ages. Both forms are considered correct, but modern usage favors the shorter subtractive form.
You'll see them on clock faces, in movie copyright dates, for Super Bowl numbering, book chapter headings, outline formatting, and building cornerstones. They're also used for monarchs and popes (e.g., King Charles III).
Estimate only. Results reflect your inputs and standard formulas. Double-check important decisions independently.